Such tests exist for rust: https://git.yoctoproject.org/poky/tree/meta/lib/oeqa/runtime/cases/rust.py https://git.yoctoproject.org/poky/tree/meta/lib/oeqa/sdk/cases/rust.py but not for go, and could be modeled after the former. Otherwise there is no confirmation that the toolchain actually works, only that it can be built and installed into target/sdk.
Might be a good newcomer issue for someone who knows go.
Tests are there: https://git.yoctoproject.org/poky/tree/meta/lib/oeqa/sdk/cases/go.py https://git.yoctoproject.org/poky/tree/meta/lib/oeqa/runtime/cases/go.py